User blog:JonathanMarkoff/Monarch of the United Kingdom (plus Monarch of England)

The monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories in the broader Commonwealth of Nations. There have been 12 monarchs of United Kingdom proper, although the monarchy traces its origins back to both the monarchies of the Angles and the ancient Scots kings. The Kingdom of Great Britain was formed by the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 with the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which had been in personal union under the House of Stuart since March 1603. On 1 January 1801 Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After most of Ireland left the union on 6 December 1922, its name was amended to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927.

While the monarchy maintains formal executive authority over the country, those powers are constrained by law, precedent, and custom. For example, while the monarch appoints the prime minister, custom dictates that the monarch must appoint someone who has the support of the House of Commons. Thus, the Prime Minister's tenure in office is set by democratic election rather than by the monarch's choice. Moreover, the Prime Minister holds most of the actual power when it comes to setting and executing domestic and foreign policy.

In addition, the monarch is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Again, as in the secular realm, the monarch's role is more ceremonial, and the Archbishop of Canterbury is the true spiritual leader.

The monarch reigns for life. Succession is hereditary, and is governed by male-preference cognatic primogeniture. In October 2011, the governments of the various commonwealths began the process of implementing legislation to do away with the male preference. In short order, efforts were also begun to remove the ban on Catholic rulers. Both amendments were made by the British Parliament in the Succession to the Crown Act of 2013.

This article lists the known monarchs found in the works of Harry Turtledove after the Point of Divergence in alternate history, or known monarchs found in works of science fiction. For convenience, monarchs who ruled England (and in some cases, Scotland as well), but not the United Kingdom, may be included here as well. Monarchs who served before the POD of a given alternate history that are mentioned in passing do not need to be listed here. Stories set in OTL may reference past monarchs, or even the sitting monarch, but unless the individual's role in the story is specifically fictionalized, they do not belong here.

Atlantis
England was the first European nation to colonise Atlantis. England became the nucleus of the United Kingdom, which lost its Atlantean possessions but retained lands in Terranova and other continents.

Known monarchs

 * HenryVIofEngland.jpg VI, King of England 1422-1461, incumbent for part of "New Hastings" but overthrown before the story's end, with his final fate unrevealed.


 * Edward4.jpgd IV takes power from Henry in 1461 during "New Hastings," and exiles the Earl of Warwick to Atlantis. Edward's final fate is unrevealed.


 * Elizabeth.jpgbeth, Queen of England in the late 16th century, posthumously referenced in passing in The United States of Atlantis.


 * Charles II of England cropped.jpg, King of England in "Avalon," set in 1666.


 * GeorgeIII.jpge III, King of Great Britain during "Nouveau Redon" (set in 1761) and The United States of Atlantis (set from 1775-1778).


 * Queenvictoria.jpgria, referenced as the incumbent monarch of Great Britain in Liberating Atlantis (set in 1852) and "The Scarlet Band" (set c. 1880).

A Different Flesh
In the 17th century, the English monarchy achieved absolute power. Instead of challenging the monarch's power, all dissidents simply emigrated to the American colonies, forming the independent Federated Commonwealths of America in 1738.

Known monarchs:
 * Elizabeth.jpgbeth, posthumous reference implied as the namesake of Virginia.


 * Jamesvi.jpg I, incumbent during "Vilest Beast" and referenced in broad strokes, primarily as the namesake of Jamestown.


 * CharlesI.jpg, Charles I appears to be the king who adopted the Divine Right of Kings, presumably avoiding his OTL fate.


 * Nophoto.jpg, Unnamed monarch, gender unrevealed, incumbent during "Though the Heavens Fall," set in 1804-1805. Referenced in passing as "a tyrant," although this assessment comes from a very unreliable source. The Act of Union to create the United Kingdom does not seem to have ever happened.

Ruled Britannia
In 1588, King Philip II ordered the Ruled Britannia to invade England. The invading Spanish subdued the country, and imprisoned Queen Elizabeth in the Tower of London. Philip installed his daughter Queen Isabella and her husband King Albert on the English throne. Their reign lasted until 1598, when the English people rose up and drove the Spanish out.

Southern Victory
The reign of Victoria saw Great Britain intervene in North America twice in a generation. In 1862, Britain recognised the independence of the Confederate States, and forced a mediation upon the United States, bringing the War of Secession to a close. In 1881, Britain participated in the Second Mexican War, attacking the USA on several fronts, and annexing a part of Maine into Canada when the conflict ended in 1882.

However, the UK's participation in the Great War (in the reign of George V) and the Second Great War (in the reign of Edward VIII) proved disastrous for the country, as Britain was defeated both times, and devastated with superbombs in the last one.

The Two Georges
In the mid-1760s, King George III met with an American delegation led by Colonel George Washington. The meeting led to an agreement on colonial self-rule within the British Empire averted a feared revolution of the colonies against Great Britain, and led to the foundation of the North American Union. A famous painting commemorated this event.

The Union continued as a proud part of the Empire, naming its capital after Queen-Empress Victoria. In 1995, a plot by a separatist insurrection was thwarted in the capital, and the life of the visiting King-Emperor Charles III was saved.

(*) Not referenced in novel.

Literary comment
Only three 20th-century monarchs are named. Edward VIII and Edward IX are mentioned only in passing, while Charles III appears directly in the present day, 1995. Edward VIII is implied to have had a long reign. Assuming that Edward VIII took the throne in 1936 as in OTL, the compact timeline leaves little room for any additional monarchs.

Other Monarchs
In addition to the above, James I is referenced as the reigning monarch in "We Haven't Got There Yet."

In addition to the above, Victoria is referenced as the reigning monarch in The Guns of the South.

George VI is referenced as the reigning monarch in Joe Steele, Worldwar, and The War That Came Early.

Elizabeth II is referenced as the reigning monarch in Colonization and "Hindsight".

In the Agent of Byzantium story "Unholy Trinity", King Oswy rules "Angleland" in 1315.

In In the Presence of Mine Enemies, the apparently fictional Henry IX reigns in the early 2010s.

In Through Darkest Europe, England's status as a monarchy is confirmed. The reigning monarch is not identified, but the incumbent Prince of Wales makes a direct appearance.

In Curious Notions, set in 2096, an unnamed king reigns over Great Britain, or perhaps just England, in 2096.

Historical Monarchs in Non-Monarchical Roles
James I is referenced in Ruled Britannia as James VI of Scotland; at the novel's end, he still hasn't got to be King of England.

Edward VII is referenced as the incumbent Prince of Wales in The Guns of the South and "The Scarlet Band" (Atlantis). Both timelines end with his mother Queen Victoria still reigning.